Fire Salamander Up to 8 Inches Long Fire Salamander Babies
| Fire salamander | |
|---|---|
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| Conservation status | |
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Salamandridae |
| Genus: | Salamandra |
| Species: | S. salamandra |
| Binomial proper noun | |
| Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
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| Distribution of fire salamander | |
| Synonyms | |
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The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a common species of salamander constitute in Europe.
It is blackness with yellow spots or stripes to a varying degree; some specimens tin exist nearly completely black while on others the yellow is dominant. Shades of red and orange may sometimes announced, either replacing or mixing with the yellow according to subspecies.[2] This bright coloration is highly conspicuous and acts to deter predators past honest signalling of its toxicity (aposematism)[three] Fire salamanders tin have a very long lifespan; one specimen lived for more than 50 years in Museum Koenig, a German natural history museum.
Habitat, behavior and nutrition [edit]
Burn salamanders live in the forests of central Europe and are more common in hilly areas. They adopt deciduous forests since they like to hide in fallen leaves and around mossy tree trunks. They need small brooks or ponds with clean water in their habitat for the evolution of the larvae. Whether on land or in water, fire salamanders are camouflaged. They spend much of their fourth dimension subconscious under wood or other objects. They are active in the evening and the night, just on rainy days they are active in the daytime too.[4]
The nutrition of the fire salamander consists of diverse insects, spiders, earthworms and slugs, but they likewise occasionally swallow newts and immature frogs. In captivity, they consume crickets, mealworms, waxworms and silkworm larvae. Small prey will be caught inside the range of the vomerine teeth or past the posterior half of the tongue, to which the prey adheres. It weighs almost 40 grams. The fire salamander is 1 of Europe'due south largest salamanders[5] and can abound to be 15–25 centimetres (v.nine–9.8 in) long.[vi]
Reproduction [edit]
Males and females look very similar except during the breeding flavor when the almost conspicuous difference is a swollen gland around the male person'south vent. This gland produces the spermatophore, which carries a sperm parcel at its tip. The courtship happens on land. Afterwards the male becomes aware of a potential mate, he confronts her and blocks her path. The male rubs her with his chin to express his interest in mating, so crawls beneath her and grasps her front limbs with his ain in amplexus. He deposits a spermatophore on the ground, then attempts to lower the female's cloaca into contact with it. If successful, the female person draws the sperm package in and her eggs are fertilized internally. The eggs develop internally and the female deposits the larvae into a body of water just as they hatch. In some subspecies, the larvae keep to develop inside the female until she gives birth to fully formed metamorphs. Breeding has not been observed in neotenic fire salamanders.
In captivity, females may retain sperm long-term and apply the stored sperm later to produce another clutch. This behavior has not been observed in the wild, likely due to the power to obtain fresh sperm and the degradation of stored sperm.[vii]
Toxicity [edit]
The fire salamander's primary alkaloid toxin, samandarin, causes strong musculus convulsions and hypertension combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. The toxicant glands of the burn down salamander are concentrated in certain areas of the body, peculiarly around the caput and the dorsal pare surface. The coloured portions of the animal's peel normally coincide with these glands. Compounds in the skin secretions may exist effective against bacterial and fungal infections of the epidermis; some are potentially unsafe to man life.
Distribution [edit]
Video of a Fire Salamander in its natural habitat in Austria
Fire salamanders are found in most of southern and central Europe. They are most unremarkably found at altitudes between 250 metres (820 ft) and i,000 metres (3,300 ft), only rarely below (in Northern Germany sporadically down to 25 metres (82 ft)). However, in the Balkans or Espana they are commonly found in higher altitudes too.
Subspecies [edit]
Several subspecies of the fire salamander are recognized. Most notable are the subspecies fastuosa and bernadezi, which are the simply viviparous subspecies – the others are ovoviviparous.
- S. s. alfredschmidti
- S. s. almanzoris
- S. s. bejarae
- S. southward. bernardezi
- South. south. beschkovi
- Due south. due south. crespoi
- S. s. fastuosa (or bonalli) – yellowish-striped fire salamander
- S. south. gallaica – Galician fire salamander
- S. due south. gigliolii
- S. s. morenica
- Southward. south. salamandra – spotted burn salamander, nominate subspecies
- Southward. s. terrestris – barred fire salamander
- S. s. werneri
Some former subspecies have been lately recognized equally species for genetic reasons.
- S. algira Bedriaga, 1883 – African fire salamander
- S. corsica Savi, 1838 – Corsican fire salamander
- S. infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 – Most Eastern fire salamander (arouss al ayn)
- S. longirostris Joger & Steinfartz, 1994 – south Iberian fire salamander
Gallery [edit]
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Orange morph
References [edit]
- ^ Sergius Kuzmin, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Steven Anderson, Trevor Beebee, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko (2009). "Salamandra salamandra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: eastward.T59467A11928351. doi:10.2305/IUCN.Uk.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Francis, Eric T.B. (1934). "The beefcake of the Salamander". Oxford: Clarendon Printing. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
- ^ Caspers, Barbara A. (xxx June 2020). "Developmental costs of yellow colouration in fire salamanders and experiments to exam the efficiency of yellow equally a warning colouration". Amphibia-Reptilia. 41 (3): 373–385. doi:10.1163/15685381-bja10006.
- ^ Tanner, Vasco M.; Wood, Stephen 50. (1958). "Salamander". The Bully Basin Naturalist. Phovo (Utah): Brigham Young University. pp. 97ff. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
- ^ Burn salamander. sossalamander.nl
- ^ Griffiths, R (1996). Newts and Salamanders of Europe. London: Academic Printing.
- ^ Steinfartz, S.; Stemshorn, K.; Kuesters, D.; Tautz, D. (30 November 2005). "Patterns of multiple paternity within and between annual reproduction cycles of the burn down salamander (Salamandra salamandra) under natural weather". Journal of Zoology. 268 (1): 1–viii. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00001.x.
Further reading [edit]
- Manenti, R.; Ficetola, M. F.; De Bernardi, F. (February 2009). "Water, stream morphology and landscape: complex habitat determinants for the burn down salamander Salamandra salamandra". Amphibia-Reptilia. 30 (1): vii–15. doi:10.1163/156853809787392766.
- Schmidt, B. R., Schaub, M., and Steinfartz, South. (2007). "Apparent survival of the salamander Salamandra salamandra is low considering of high migratory activity". Frontiers in Zoology 4:xix.
External links [edit]
- Caudata.org entry for Salamandra
- Fantastic Fire Salamanders – Salamandra Salamandra, BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_salamander
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